Ditlhopha tsa Maina [Noun Classes] (Setswana)

Ditlhopha tsa Maina [Noun Classes] (Setswana)

Moalo wa ditlhopha tsa maina o re o dirisang mo bogompienong ke o o bopetsweng mo se se saleng se dirwa ke Desmond Thorne Cole ka 1955, mme o akaretsa ditlhopha tse di farologanyeng di le 18. Se sengwe se re ka se elang tlhoko ke go re Rre Cole o ne a kwatabolola makwati mo motlhaleng o tlogetsweng ke mankge wa diteme, go tswa Jeremane, Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof ko bofelelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-1800.

Ditlhopha tse ke Setlhopha 1 go ema ka 18, mme go sena 12 le 13 (go bo go nna gape le Setlhopha 1a le 2a, go busetsa palo yotlhe go nna 18).

Moalo 1: Maele ka Ditlhopha tsa Maina le Ditlhogo tsa Tsone

Setlhopha Tlhogo Maele ka Ditlhogo Maele ka Ditlhopha
1 mo- m- and ngw- di atle di kwalwe e kare ke ditlhogo tse dingwe tse di ikemetseng, mme nnete e le go re ke dipopego tse dingwe tsa “mo-“, tse di dirwang ke diphetogomodumo. Dikai: “ngw-” wa ngwana o simologile e le mo+ana. M- wa mmopi o tswa mo go mo+bopi. 1. Maina a a amanang le batho, le dilo setho, jaaka modisa, ngwale, mhudi.
2. Mainatota a a kayang merafe le matso a simolola ka Mo-, jaaka Mosotho, Morolong.
3. Mafoko a a adimilweng, a a kayang batho/setho, jaaka moPalestina (Palestinian), mokeresete (christian).
4. Maina a losika ga a wele mo Setlhopha 1. A mo Setlhopha 1a.
1a ɸ Se akaretsa mainatota jaaka maina a batho, ka jalo, ga se na tlhogo. 1. Mainatota a e leng mabitsi a batho le mafelo, jaaka Montshwari, Solomon, Francistown.
2. Maina a losika jaaka mme, rramogolo, rakgadi. Mafoko a a tshwana le a Setlhopha 9 (ka tlhogo N- o o fitlhegileng) mme bontsi ja one bo na le tlhogo bo-.
3. Diphologolo tse di mo Setlhopha  9, mme fa di mothofaditswe. Dikai: Bontsi ja tshwene e kgona go nna ditshwene kgotsa botshwene fa go mothofaditswe, le diphologolo tse dingwe, jaaka mmutla.
2 ba- Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo ba-. Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo ba-.
2a bo- Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1a. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo bo-. Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1a. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo bo-, jaaka bomalome (uncles), boMichael.
3 mo- m- and ngw- di atle di kwalwe e kare ke ditlhogo tse dingwe tse di ikemetseng, mme nnete e le go re ke dipopego tse dingwe tsa “mo-“, tse di dirwang ke diphetogomodumo. Dikai: “ngw-” wa ngwedi o simologile e le mo+edi. M- wa mmino o tswa mo go mo+bino. Mafoko otlhe a mangwe a a simololang ka mo, kwa ntleng ga a a kayang batho/setho (Setlhopha 1) le a a a kayang felo  (Setlhopha 18). Dikai di akaretsa molelo, ngwedi, mhiko.
4 me- Bontsi ja Setlhopha 3. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo me-. Bontsi ja Setlhopha 3. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo me-.
5 le- Go motlhofo go nna le ketsaetsego gareng ga setlhopha se le Setlhopha 11 (sa tlhogo lo-), ka ditlhogo tsa teng di tshwana thata. Bontsi ja nako, pharologanyo e dirwa ke teme ya morafe, ka bangwe a kgona go re lerato, fa ba bangwe ba re lorato. Mme fela, go na le mafoko a a leng a Setlhopha 5 le a e leng a Setlhopha 11. Gantsi o ka thuswa ke go leba bontsi ja lefoko: Fa botsi bo na le tlhogo “ma”, lefoko la gago ke la Setlhopha 5; mme fa bontsi bo simolola ka “di-“, lefoko ke la Selhopha 11. 1. Maina a a amanngwang le ditiro tsa setho tse di seng dintle jaaka legodu , lelatswathipa
2. Mainatota a a kayang merafe le matso a a tswang go sele, jaaka Lekgowa, Lezulu.
Mme fela, go na le ba ba reng tiriso e ga e a siama, ka e kaya lenyatso mo merafeng e mengwe, ka jalo ba re maina otlhe a a kayang merafe a tsenngwe mo Setlhopha 1 (sekai le go re Mozulu, e seng Lezulu, jalo jalo).
3. Mafoko a a adimilweng, a a kayang ditiro tsa batho, jaaka lepolitiki , leinjiniere.
4. Maina otlhe a mangwe a a sa kaeng batho/setho, a bontsi ja one a nang le tlhogo ma-.
6 ma- . Bontsi ja Setlhopha 5. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo ma-.
7 se- . 1. Maina a a amanngwang le ditiro tsa setho tse di seng dintle jaaka serukhuthi, sebolai. 2. Maina a a ammangwang le botswerere mo ditirong tsa setho, jaaka  seopedi [yo o gaisang “moopedi”], seroki [yo o gaisang “moroki”]. 3. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a similolang ka modumo o o tshwanang le tlhogo se- jaaka, seterata (street), setulo (stool).  4. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a kayang teme kgotsa ngwao, jaaka sejuta (Jewish), seJeremane (German). 5. Maina a amagwe a tlhogo se-.
8 di- . Bontsi ja Setlhopha 7. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo di-.
9 N- Mafoko a setlhopha se, a na le modumo wa “n” o o fitlhegileng, ka jalo go bo go nna ekare go gona tlhogo. Tlhogo N-, e supega ka go nna le phetogomodumo ya thatafatso/nkofatso. Dikai: kgomo (n+gomo), tholo (n+rolo) 1. Mafoko a a lebegang a sena setlhopha, ka go nne a sena tlhogo e e papametseng. Gakologelwe go re tlhogo ya Setlhopha 9 ke e e fitlhegileng. 2. Mafoko a seeng le a a adimilweng jaaka mercury (mercury), parafini (paraffin). 3. Maina a losika ga a wele mo Setlhopha 9. A mo Setlhopha 1a.
10 diN- Bontsi ja Setlhopha 9 le 11. Mafoko otlhe a na le tlhogo di-e e nang le N- o o fitlhegileng. Dikai: Setlhopha 9 podi (n+bodi) e nna dipodi; Setlhopha 11 lore o nna dinthe (din+re, a bo “re” a thatafadiwa go nna “the”). Bontsi ja Setlhopha 9 le 11. Mafoko otlhe a na le tlhogo di-e e nang le N- o o fitlhegileng. Dikai: Setlhopha 9 podi (n+bodi) e nna dipodi; Setlhopha 11 lore o nna dinthe (din+re, a bo “re” a thatafadiwa go nna “the”).
11 lo- Go motlhofo go nna le ketsaetsego gareng ga setlhopha se le Setlhopha 5 (sa tlhogo le-), ka ditlhogo tsa teng di tshwana thata. Bontsi ja nako, pharologanyo e dirwa ke teme ya morafe, ka bangwe a kgona go re lorato, fa ba bangwe ba re lerato. Mme fela, go na le mafoko a a leng a Setlhopha 5 le a e leng a Setlhopha 11. Gantsi o ka thuswa ke go leba bontsi ja lefoko: Fa botsi bo na le tlhogo “ma”, lefoko la gago ke la Setlhopha 5; mme fa bontsi bo simolola ka “di-“, lefoko ke la Selhopha 11. 1.Gantsi, ke mainakgopolo jaaka lorato, loso, losika. 2. Maina a a kayang bontsinsti kgotsa bogolo, jaaka lonko (monko o montsi), lonku (dinku tse dintsi).
14 bo- . 1. Mainakgopolo, jaaka  bogosi, boroko, botshwakga. 2. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a similolang ka modumo o o tshwanang le tlhogo bo-, jaaka borotho (bread), borukgwe (broek ka Afrikaans).  3. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a kayang mekgwa ya ngwao ya bangwe, jaaka bopodise (police-like), boChaena (Chinese).
15 go- . Madiri a a kaegang jaaka maina. Dikai: go ja, go robala, go bala.
16 fa- . Maina a a tlhalosang lefelo. Ke one dithito tse matlhalosafelo a agelelwang mo go one. Dikai:  fatshe, fale.
17 go- . Maina a a tlhalosang lefelo. Ke one dithito tse matlhalosafelo a agelelwang mo go one. Dikai: godimo, gole.
18 mo- . Maina a a tlhalosang lefelo. Ke one dithito tse matlhalosafelo a agelelwang mo go one. Dikai: morago, moseja.

Moalo 2: Ditlhopha tsa Maina le Dikarolo tsa Puo tse Dingwe #1

Setlhopha Tlhogo Leemedi Letlhaodi Leamanyi Lerui
1 mo- ene yo yo o wa
monna monna ene monna yo montsho monna yo o nkgang monna wa gago
1a ɸ ene yo yo o wa
Gabriel/rakgadi Gabriel ene rakgadi yo montsho rakgadi yo o botlhale Gabriel wa gago
2 ba- bone ba ba ba ba
basadi basadi bone basadi ba bararo basadi ba ba rekisang basadi ba Modimo
2a bo- bone ba ba ba ba
boRaphael/bomalome boRaphael bone bomalome ba batona bomalome ba ba disang boRaphael ba Gaborone
3 mo- one o o o wa
mopipi  mopipi one mopipi o mosetlha mopipi o o metsi mopipi wa batho
4 me- yone e e e ya
meropa meropa yone meropa e mennye meropa e e senyegileng meropa ya rona
5 le- lone le le le la
lerapo lerapo lone lerapo le lesweu lerapo le le thata lerapo la tlou
6 ma- one a a a a
maaka maaka one maaka a matala maaka a a golegang maaka a mogolo
7 se- sone se se se sa
selepe selepe sone selepe se setona selepe se se bokete selape sa magagane
8 di- tsone tse tse di tsa
dibini dibini tsone dibini tse tlhano dibini tse di masisi dibini tsa gae
9 N- yone e e e ya
katse katse yone katse e ntsho katse e e bonolo katse ya maabane
10 diN- tsone tse tse di tsa
dipodi dipodi tsone dipodi tse pedi dipodi tse di dinaka dipodi tsa mashi
11 lo- lone lo lo lo lwa
lore lore lone lore lo lokima lore lo lo metsi lore lwa mogodi
14 bo- jone/bone jo [/bo] jo bo [/bo bo] ja/jwa
botsipa botsipa jone botsipa jo bontsi botsipa jo bo belaetsang botsipa ja bolalome
15 go- gone mo mo go ga
go ja go ja gone go ja mo gonnye go ja go go feteletseng go ja ga bone
16 fa- gone fa mo go ga
fale fale gone fale fa bontshong fale mo go gaufi fale ga gagwe
17 go- gone mo mo go ga
godimo godimo gone  godimo mo marulelong godimo mo go yone godimo ga gago
18 mo- gone mo mo go ga
morago morago gone morago mo gonnye morago mo go kgakala morago ga bone

Moalo 3: Ditlhopha tsa Maina le Dikarolo tsa Puo tse Dingwe #2

Class Prefix Sediri Sedirwa Motho wa Ntlha Motho wa Bobedi Motho wa Boraro
1 mo- o- m- yo yoo yole
monna monna o a bitsa mmitse monna yoo mmitse monna yo mmitse monna yoo mmitse monna yole
1a ɸ o- m- yo yoo yole
Gabriel/rakgadi Gabriel o a bitsa mmitse rakgadi yoo mmitse rakgadi yo mmitse rakgadi yoo mmitse rakgadi yole
2 ba- ba- ba- ba bao bale
basadi basadi ba a bitsa ba bitse basadi bao ba bitse basadi ba ba bitse basadi bao ba bitse basadi bale
2a bo- ba- ba- ba bao bale
boRaphael/bomalome boRaphael ba a bitsa ba bitse bomalome bao ba bitse bomalome ba ba bitse bomalome bao ba bitse bomalome bale
3 mo- o- o- o oo ole
mopipi  mopipi o a sha o tshube mopipi oo o tshube mopipi o o tshube mopipi oo o tshube mopipi ole
4 me- e- e- e eo ele
meropa meropa e a tlhodiya e letse, meropa eo e letse, meropa e e letse, meropa eo e letse, meropa ele
5 le- le- le- le leo lele
lerapo lerapo le a robega le robe, lerapo leo le robe, lerapo le le robe, lerapo leo le robe, lerapo lele
6 ma- a- a- a ao ale
maaka maaka a a golega a ganetse, maaka ao a ganetse, maaka a a ganetse, maaka ao a ganetse, maaka ale
7 se- se- se- se seo sele
selepe selepe se a rema se lotse, selepe seo se lotse, selepe se se lotse, selepe seo se lotse, selepe sele
8 di- di- di- tse tseo tsele
dibini dibini di a opela di opedise, dibini tseo di opedise, dibini tse di opedise, dibini tseo di opedise, dibini tsele
9 N- e- e- e eo tse
katse katse e a ngapa e kobe, katse eo e kobe, katse e e kobe, katse eo e kobe, katse ele
10 diN- di- di- tse tseo tsele
dipodi dipodi di a thula di game, dipodi tseo di game, dipodi tse di game, dipodi tseo di game, dipodi tsele
11 lo- lo- lo- lo loo lole
lore lore lo thusa mooki lo obe, lore loo lo obe, lore lo lo obe, lore loo lo obe, lore lole
14 bo- bo- bo-      
botsipa botsipa bo a thusa bo supe, botsipa joo bo supe, botsipa jo bo supe, botsipa joo bo supe, botsipa jole
15 go- go-
go ja go ja go  a lapisa
16 fa- go-
fale fale go a direga
17 go- go-
godimo godimo go a sokodisa
18 mo- go-
morago morago go a nametsa

Fa o batla go bala ka Sekgowa, tobetsa fa.