Ditlhopha tsa Maina [Noun Classes] (Setswana)
Moalo wa ditlhopha tsa maina o re o dirisang mo bogompienong ke o o bopetsweng mo se se saleng se dirwa ke Desmond Thorne Cole ka 1955, mme o akaretsa ditlhopha tse di farologanyeng di le 18. Se sengwe se re ka se elang tlhoko ke go re Rre Cole o ne a kwatabolola makwati mo motlhaleng o tlogetsweng ke mankge wa diteme, go tswa Jeremane, Carl Friedrich Michael Meinhof ko bofelelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-1800.
Ditlhopha tse ke Setlhopha 1 go ema ka 18, mme go sena 12 le 13 (go bo go nna gape le Setlhopha 1a le 2a, go busetsa palo yotlhe go nna 18).
Moalo 1: Maele ka Ditlhopha tsa Maina le Ditlhogo tsa Tsone
Setlhopha | Tlhogo | Maele ka Ditlhogo | Maele ka Ditlhopha |
1 | mo- | m- and ngw- di atle di kwalwe e kare ke ditlhogo tse dingwe tse di ikemetseng, mme nnete e le go re ke dipopego tse dingwe tsa “mo-“, tse di dirwang ke diphetogomodumo. Dikai: “ngw-” wa ngwana o simologile e le mo+ana. M- wa mmopi o tswa mo go mo+bopi. | 1. Maina a a amanang le batho, le dilo setho, jaaka modisa, ngwale, mhudi. 2. Mainatota a a kayang merafe le matso a simolola ka Mo-, jaaka Mosotho, Morolong. 3. Mafoko a a adimilweng, a a kayang batho/setho, jaaka moPalestina (Palestinian), mokeresete (christian). 4. Maina a losika ga a wele mo Setlhopha 1. A mo Setlhopha 1a. |
1a | ɸ | Se akaretsa mainatota jaaka maina a batho, ka jalo, ga se na tlhogo. | 1. Mainatota a e leng mabitsi a batho le mafelo, jaaka Montshwari, Solomon, Francistown. 2. Maina a losika jaaka mme, rramogolo, rakgadi. Mafoko a a tshwana le a Setlhopha 9 (ka tlhogo N- o o fitlhegileng) mme bontsi ja one bo na le tlhogo bo-. 3. Diphologolo tse di mo Setlhopha 9, mme fa di mothofaditswe. Dikai: Bontsi ja tshwene e kgona go nna ditshwene kgotsa botshwene fa go mothofaditswe, le diphologolo tse dingwe, jaaka mmutla. |
2 | ba- | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo ba-. | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo ba-. |
2a | bo- | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1a. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo bo-. | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 1a. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo bo-, jaaka bomalome (uncles), boMichael. |
3 | mo- | m- and ngw- di atle di kwalwe e kare ke ditlhogo tse dingwe tse di ikemetseng, mme nnete e le go re ke dipopego tse dingwe tsa “mo-“, tse di dirwang ke diphetogomodumo. Dikai: “ngw-” wa ngwedi o simologile e le mo+edi. M- wa mmino o tswa mo go mo+bino. | Mafoko otlhe a mangwe a a simololang ka mo, kwa ntleng ga a a kayang batho/setho (Setlhopha 1) le a a a kayang felo (Setlhopha 18). Dikai di akaretsa molelo, ngwedi, mhiko. |
4 | me- | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 3. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo me-. | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 3. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo me-. |
5 | le- | Go motlhofo go nna le ketsaetsego gareng ga setlhopha se le Setlhopha 11 (sa tlhogo lo-), ka ditlhogo tsa teng di tshwana thata. Bontsi ja nako, pharologanyo e dirwa ke teme ya morafe, ka bangwe a kgona go re lerato, fa ba bangwe ba re lorato. Mme fela, go na le mafoko a a leng a Setlhopha 5 le a e leng a Setlhopha 11. Gantsi o ka thuswa ke go leba bontsi ja lefoko: Fa botsi bo na le tlhogo “ma”, lefoko la gago ke la Setlhopha 5; mme fa bontsi bo simolola ka “di-“, lefoko ke la Selhopha 11. | 1. Maina a a amanngwang le ditiro tsa setho tse di seng dintle jaaka legodu , lelatswathipa 2. Mainatota a a kayang merafe le matso a a tswang go sele, jaaka Lekgowa, Lezulu. Mme fela, go na le ba ba reng tiriso e ga e a siama, ka e kaya lenyatso mo merafeng e mengwe, ka jalo ba re maina otlhe a a kayang merafe a tsenngwe mo Setlhopha 1 (sekai le go re Mozulu, e seng Lezulu, jalo jalo). 3. Mafoko a a adimilweng, a a kayang ditiro tsa batho, jaaka lepolitiki , leinjiniere. 4. Maina otlhe a mangwe a a sa kaeng batho/setho, a bontsi ja one a nang le tlhogo ma-. |
6 | ma- | . | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 5. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo ma-. |
7 | se- | . | 1. Maina a a amanngwang le ditiro tsa setho tse di seng dintle jaaka serukhuthi, sebolai. 2. Maina a a ammangwang le botswerere mo ditirong tsa setho, jaaka seopedi [yo o gaisang “moopedi”], seroki [yo o gaisang “moroki”]. 3. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a similolang ka modumo o o tshwanang le tlhogo se- jaaka, seterata (street), setulo (stool). 4. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a kayang teme kgotsa ngwao, jaaka sejuta (Jewish), seJeremane (German). 5. Maina a amagwe a tlhogo se-. |
8 | di- | . | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 7. Mafoko otlhe a setlhopha se a simolola ka tlhogo di-. |
9 | N- | Mafoko a setlhopha se, a na le modumo wa “n” o o fitlhegileng, ka jalo go bo go nna ekare go gona tlhogo. Tlhogo N-, e supega ka go nna le phetogomodumo ya thatafatso/nkofatso. Dikai: kgomo (n+gomo), tholo (n+rolo) | 1. Mafoko a a lebegang a sena setlhopha, ka go nne a sena tlhogo e e papametseng. Gakologelwe go re tlhogo ya Setlhopha 9 ke e e fitlhegileng. 2. Mafoko a seeng le a a adimilweng jaaka mercury (mercury), parafini (paraffin). 3. Maina a losika ga a wele mo Setlhopha 9. A mo Setlhopha 1a. |
10 | diN- | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 9 le 11. Mafoko otlhe a na le tlhogo di-e e nang le N- o o fitlhegileng. Dikai: Setlhopha 9 podi (n+bodi) e nna dipodi; Setlhopha 11 lore o nna dinthe (din+re, a bo “re” a thatafadiwa go nna “the”). | Bontsi ja Setlhopha 9 le 11. Mafoko otlhe a na le tlhogo di-e e nang le N- o o fitlhegileng. Dikai: Setlhopha 9 podi (n+bodi) e nna dipodi; Setlhopha 11 lore o nna dinthe (din+re, a bo “re” a thatafadiwa go nna “the”). |
11 | lo- | Go motlhofo go nna le ketsaetsego gareng ga setlhopha se le Setlhopha 5 (sa tlhogo le-), ka ditlhogo tsa teng di tshwana thata. Bontsi ja nako, pharologanyo e dirwa ke teme ya morafe, ka bangwe a kgona go re lorato, fa ba bangwe ba re lerato. Mme fela, go na le mafoko a a leng a Setlhopha 5 le a e leng a Setlhopha 11. Gantsi o ka thuswa ke go leba bontsi ja lefoko: Fa botsi bo na le tlhogo “ma”, lefoko la gago ke la Setlhopha 5; mme fa bontsi bo simolola ka “di-“, lefoko ke la Selhopha 11. | 1.Gantsi, ke mainakgopolo jaaka lorato, loso, losika. 2. Maina a a kayang bontsinsti kgotsa bogolo, jaaka lonko (monko o montsi), lonku (dinku tse dintsi). |
14 | bo- | . | 1. Mainakgopolo, jaaka bogosi, boroko, botshwakga. 2. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a similolang ka modumo o o tshwanang le tlhogo bo-, jaaka borotho (bread), borukgwe (broek ka Afrikaans). 3. Mafoko a a adimilweng a a kayang mekgwa ya ngwao ya bangwe, jaaka bopodise (police-like), boChaena (Chinese). |
15 | go- | . | Madiri a a kaegang jaaka maina. Dikai: go ja, go robala, go bala. |
16 | fa- | . | Maina a a tlhalosang lefelo. Ke one dithito tse matlhalosafelo a agelelwang mo go one. Dikai: fatshe, fale. |
17 | go- | . | Maina a a tlhalosang lefelo. Ke one dithito tse matlhalosafelo a agelelwang mo go one. Dikai: godimo, gole. |
18 | mo- | . | Maina a a tlhalosang lefelo. Ke one dithito tse matlhalosafelo a agelelwang mo go one. Dikai: morago, moseja. |
Moalo 2: Ditlhopha tsa Maina le Dikarolo tsa Puo tse Dingwe #1
Setlhopha | Tlhogo | Leemedi | Letlhaodi | Leamanyi | Lerui |
1 | mo- | ene | yo | yo o | wa |
monna | monna ene | monna yo montsho | monna yo o nkgang | monna wa gago | |
1a | ɸ | ene | yo | yo o | wa |
Gabriel/rakgadi | Gabriel ene | rakgadi yo montsho | rakgadi yo o botlhale | Gabriel wa gago | |
2 | ba- | bone | ba | ba ba | ba |
basadi | basadi bone | basadi ba bararo | basadi ba ba rekisang | basadi ba Modimo | |
2a | bo- | bone | ba | ba ba | ba |
boRaphael/bomalome | boRaphael bone | bomalome ba batona | bomalome ba ba disang | boRaphael ba Gaborone | |
3 | mo- | one | o | o o | wa |
mopipi | mopipi one | mopipi o mosetlha | mopipi o o metsi | mopipi wa batho | |
4 | me- | yone | e | e e | ya |
meropa | meropa yone | meropa e mennye | meropa e e senyegileng | meropa ya rona | |
5 | le- | lone | le | le le | la |
lerapo | lerapo lone | lerapo le lesweu | lerapo le le thata | lerapo la tlou | |
6 | ma- | one | a | a a | a |
maaka | maaka one | maaka a matala | maaka a a golegang | maaka a mogolo | |
7 | se- | sone | se | se se | sa |
selepe | selepe sone | selepe se setona | selepe se se bokete | selape sa magagane | |
8 | di- | tsone | tse | tse di | tsa |
dibini | dibini tsone | dibini tse tlhano | dibini tse di masisi | dibini tsa gae | |
9 | N- | yone | e | e e | ya |
katse | katse yone | katse e ntsho | katse e e bonolo | katse ya maabane | |
10 | diN- | tsone | tse | tse di | tsa |
dipodi | dipodi tsone | dipodi tse pedi | dipodi tse di dinaka | dipodi tsa mashi | |
11 | lo- | lone | lo | lo lo | lwa |
lore | lore lone | lore lo lokima | lore lo lo metsi | lore lwa mogodi | |
14 | bo- | jone/bone | jo [/bo] | jo bo [/bo bo] | ja/jwa |
botsipa | botsipa jone | botsipa jo bontsi | botsipa jo bo belaetsang | botsipa ja bolalome | |
15 | go- | gone | mo | mo go | ga |
go ja | go ja gone | go ja mo gonnye | go ja go go feteletseng | go ja ga bone | |
16 | fa- | gone | fa | mo go | ga |
fale | fale gone | fale fa bontshong | fale mo go gaufi | fale ga gagwe | |
17 | go- | gone | mo | mo go | ga |
godimo | godimo gone | godimo mo marulelong | godimo mo go yone | godimo ga gago | |
18 | mo- | gone | mo | mo go | ga |
morago | morago gone | morago mo gonnye | morago mo go kgakala | morago ga bone |
Moalo 3: Ditlhopha tsa Maina le Dikarolo tsa Puo tse Dingwe #2
Class | Prefix | Sediri | Sedirwa | Motho wa Ntlha | Motho wa Bobedi | Motho wa Boraro |
1 | mo- | o- | m- | yo | yoo | yole |
monna | monna o a bitsa | mmitse monna yoo | mmitse monna yo | mmitse monna yoo | mmitse monna yole | |
1a | ɸ | o- | m- | yo | yoo | yole |
Gabriel/rakgadi | Gabriel o a bitsa | mmitse rakgadi yoo | mmitse rakgadi yo | mmitse rakgadi yoo | mmitse rakgadi yole | |
2 | ba- | ba- | ba- | ba | bao | bale |
basadi | basadi ba a bitsa | ba bitse basadi bao | ba bitse basadi ba | ba bitse basadi bao | ba bitse basadi bale | |
2a | bo- | ba- | ba- | ba | bao | bale |
boRaphael/bomalome | boRaphael ba a bitsa | ba bitse bomalome bao | ba bitse bomalome ba | ba bitse bomalome bao | ba bitse bomalome bale | |
3 | mo- | o- | o- | o | oo | ole |
mopipi | mopipi o a sha | o tshube mopipi oo | o tshube mopipi o | o tshube mopipi oo | o tshube mopipi ole | |
4 | me- | e- | e- | e | eo | ele |
meropa | meropa e a tlhodiya | e letse, meropa eo | e letse, meropa e | e letse, meropa eo | e letse, meropa ele | |
5 | le- | le- | le- | le | leo | lele |
lerapo | lerapo le a robega | le robe, lerapo leo | le robe, lerapo le | le robe, lerapo leo | le robe, lerapo lele | |
6 | ma- | a- | a- | a | ao | ale |
maaka | maaka a a golega | a ganetse, maaka ao | a ganetse, maaka a | a ganetse, maaka ao | a ganetse, maaka ale | |
7 | se- | se- | se- | se | seo | sele |
selepe | selepe se a rema | se lotse, selepe seo | se lotse, selepe se | se lotse, selepe seo | se lotse, selepe sele | |
8 | di- | di- | di- | tse | tseo | tsele |
dibini | dibini di a opela | di opedise, dibini tseo | di opedise, dibini tse | di opedise, dibini tseo | di opedise, dibini tsele | |
9 | N- | e- | e- | e | eo | tse |
katse | katse e a ngapa | e kobe, katse eo | e kobe, katse e | e kobe, katse eo | e kobe, katse ele | |
10 | diN- | di- | di- | tse | tseo | tsele |
dipodi | dipodi di a thula | di game, dipodi tseo | di game, dipodi tse | di game, dipodi tseo | di game, dipodi tsele | |
11 | lo- | lo- | lo- | lo | loo | lole |
lore | lore lo thusa mooki | lo obe, lore loo | lo obe, lore lo | lo obe, lore loo | lo obe, lore lole | |
14 | bo- | bo- | bo- | |||
botsipa | botsipa bo a thusa | bo supe, botsipa joo | bo supe, botsipa jo | bo supe, botsipa joo | bo supe, botsipa jole | |
15 | go- | go- | – | – | – | – |
go ja | go ja go a lapisa | – | – | – | – | |
16 | fa- | go- | – | – | – | – |
fale | fale go a direga | – | – | – | – | |
17 | go- | go- | – | – | – | – |
godimo | godimo go a sokodisa | – | – | – | – | |
18 | mo- | go- | – | – | – | – |
morago | morago go a nametsa | – | – | – | – |
Fa o batla go bala ka Sekgowa, tobetsa fa.