Maina a Losika [Familial Titles] (Setswana)
Mo tsebeng e re itebagantse le maina a losika ka Setswana, re feta re a tshwantshanya le a Sekgowa. Re tla itemogela fo re le ntswa go na le maemo a losika a a tshwanang mo ditemengka bobedi, go na le fa go sa nyalaneng. O ka tsaya sekai ka lefoko “cousin”, le le leng gaufi ka bokao le “ntsala”, mme lone le akaretsa le bana ba bo rrangwane, mmemogolo, jalo jalo. Mo gongwe gape, re tla itemogela fa go dirisiwa lefoko le le lengwe la uncle go raya rramogolo, rrangwane, kgotsa malome, le aunt ko raya mmemogolo,mmamane, rakgadi, mmamogolo, mmamalome, le mmangwane.
1. Batsadi [Parents]
Motsadi [Parent] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Motsadi | Motsadi wa gago | Motsadi wa gagwe |
a) Ntate/Rre (fa gongwe, Papa) [Father]
Motsadi wa gago wa bong jo bo tonanyana.
Mme gape mafoko Ntate le Rre a kgona go dirisiwa e le thanolo ya “Mister” (sk Rre Kgosi ka Sekgowa ke Mr Kgosi), le fa ntswa go sa tlwaelesega thata go dirisa “Ntate” jaana, ebile batho gantsi ba tseela gore ke tiriso ya Sesotho.
Mafoko Rre le Ntate gape a kgona go dirisiwa jaaka la Sekgowa la “sir” go kaya tlotlo (dk “Dumela ntate.” le “Dumela rre” – le ntswa go tlwaelesegile thata gore Dumela rra.)
Lefoko “rra” lone le kaya gore o motsadi wa mongwe (sk “Rra Kgosi” go tewa rraagwe Kgosi).
Rre/Ntate [Father] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Rre | Rraago | Rraagwe |
Ntate | Ntataago | Ntataagwe |
b) Mme (fa gongwe, Mama) [Mother]
Motsadi wa gago wa bong jo bo namagadi.
Mme gape lefoko Mme le kgona go dirisiwa e le thanolo ya “Madam” (sk Mme Kgosi ka Sekgowa ke Mrs/Miss/Ms Kgosi). Mme go gatelela tlotlo ya gore motho o nyetswe, lefoko mme le kgona go tshwaraganngwa le la mma, jaaka fa o ka re Mme Mma Kgosi (Mrs Kgosi).
Lefoko Mme gape le kgona go dirisiwa jaaka la Sekgowa la “madam” go kaya tlotlo (sk “Dumela mme.” – le ntswa go tlwaelesegile thata gore Dumela mma.)
Lefoko “mma” lone le kaya gore o motsadi wa mongwe (sk “Mma Kgosi” go tewa mmaagwe Kgosi).
Mme [Mother] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mme | Mmaago | Mmaagwe |
2. Balologolwane [Grandparents]
Batsadi ba batsadi ba gago.
Le fa go na le batho ba ba dirang pharologanyo mo go kayeng batsadi ba ga rraago ka go farologana le batsadi ba ga mmaago, se se tlwaelesegileng malatsing a ke go dirisa mafoko a a tshwanang.
a) Ntatemogolo/Rremogolo [Grandfather]
Rraagwe motsadi wa gago.
Le fa go ntse jalo, lefoko rremogolo le setse le fetoga bokao ke le dirisiwa go kaya monna wa ga mmemogolo. Bala ka Mmemogolo fa tlasenyana.
Ntatemogolo/Rremogolo [Grandfather] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Ntatemogolo | Ntataagomogolo | Ntataagwemogolo |
Ntatemogoloago | Ntatemogoloagwe | |
Rremogolo | Rremogoloago | Rremogoloagwe |
Rremogoloago | Rremogoloagwe |
b) Nkuku/Nkoko/Koko [Grandmother]
Mmaagwe motsadi wa gago.
Le fa go ntse jalo, merafe e mengwe e dirisa mafoko a gape go raya mmamalome. Bala ka Mmamalome fa tlasenyana.
Nkuku/Nkoko/Koko [Grandmother] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Nkuku | Nkukuago | Nkukuagwe |
Nkoko | Nkokoago | Nkokoagwe |
Koko | Kokoago | Kokoagwe |
c) Bagologolwane [Grandparents and other living ascendants]
Bagologolwane (bongwe “mogologolwane”) go tewa batsadi ba batsadi ba gago ga mmogo le matlhogophutshwa a mangwe a losika, a a santseng a tshela.
Mogologolwane [Grandparent (and higher ascendants)] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mogologolwane | Mogologolwane wa gago | Mogologolwane wa gagwe |
d) Badimo [Dead ascendents]
Bagologolwane (bongwe “mogologolwane”) go tewa batsadi ba batsadi ba gago ga mmogo le matlhogophutshwa a mangwe a losika, a a sa tlholeng a tshela, ebile go dumelwa gore ba nna ba go lebile, ba go thusa mo diemong tse di thata.
O ka lemoga gore lefoko “modimo” fa, le kwalwa ka tlhakannye, ka jalo le farologana le le rayang Rramasedi, le le kwalwang ka M wa tlhakakgolo.Go tla nna le temana e ra tla buang ka bokao ja mafoko Modimo, modimo, ledimo, isago.
Badimo [Dead ascendents] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Modimo | Modimo wa gago | Modimo wa gagwe |
3. Bana [Children]
Fa re lebile ka fa bana ba bitswang ka teng ke batsadi ba bone, ga mmogo le bagolo ba bangwe ba losika.
a) Ngwana [Child of a parent]
Lefoko ngwana ke le le akaretsang bong jotlhe.
Ngwana [Child] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Ngwanake | Ngwana wa gago | Ngwana wa gagwe |
b) Morwa [Son]
Ngwana wa mosimane/monna.
Morwa [Son] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Morwa | Morwaago | Morwaagwe |
c) Morwadi [Daughter]
Ngwana wa mosetsana/mosadi.
Morwadi [Daughter] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Morwadi | Morwadiago | Morwadiagwe |
d) Leitibolo [First-born Child]
Ngwana wa ntlha mo lwapeng.
Leitibolo [First-born] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Leitibolo | Leitibolo la gago | Leitibolo la gagwe |
e) Gofejane [Last-born Child]
Ngwana wa bofelo mo lwapeng.
Gofejane [Last-born] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Gofejane | Gofejane wa gago | Gofejane wa gagwe |
f) Motlogolo/Setlogolo [Nephew or Niece]
Ngwana wa motsalwalewena.
Motho gape o bidiwa setlogolo sa kwa ga bone mmaagwe.
Motlogolo/Setlogolo [Nephew or Niece] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Motlogolo | Motlogoloago | Motlogoloagwe |
Setlogolo | Setlogolo sa gago | Setlogolo sa gagwe |
g) Setlogolwana [Grandchild]
Ngwana wa ngwana.
Motho gape o bidiwa setlogolwana sa kwa ga bone mmaagwe rraagwe.
Setlogolwana [Grandchild] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Setlogolwana | Setlogolwana sa gago | Setlogolwana sa gagwe |
h) Kokomana [Great-grandchild]
Ngwana wa ngwana wa ngwana.
Motho gape o bidiwa kokomany sa kwa ga bone mmaagwe mmaagwe.
Kokomana [Great Grandchild] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Kokomana | Kokomana ya gago | Kokomana ya gagwe |
4. Batsalwalemotho [Siblings (and Cousins)]
Jaanong fa ke gone dipharologanyo tsa Setswana le Sekgowa di simololang go senoga. mme gone ga se gore pharologanyo ya teng ke e ka ntshang mokola. Gore go go tona mang go botlhokwa fa go kaiwa motsalwalemotho wa bong jo ba tshwanang le ja gago, mme fa e le ba bong jo bo farologanyeng, bogolo go bo tsewe tsia.
Fa re tsena mo baneng ba batsalwa le batsadi ba gago, bong ja batsadi fa bo tshwana, ngwana yo o bidiwa fela jaaka motsalwalewena, mme fa bong ja batsadi bo sa tshwane, o bidiwa Ntsala.
a) Motsalwalemotho [Sibling]
Ngwana wa motsadi wa gago.
Motsalwalemotho [Sibling] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Motsalwalenna | Motsalwalewena | Motsalwaleene |
b) Nkgonne/Mogolole/Golowe [Elder Same-sex Sibling]
Ngwana wa motsadi wa gago, wa bong jo bo tshwanang le ja gago, mme a le mogolo mo go wena.
Monna/mosimamane o bitsa motsalwaleene wa monna/mosimane yo motona mo go ene a re nkgonne. Fela jalo, mosadi/mosetsana o bitsa motsalwaleene wa mosadi/mosetsana yo motona mo go enea re nkgonne.
Nkgonne [Same-sex older sibling] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Nkgonne/Nkonne | Mogoloo | Mogolowe |
Mogolole | Mogoloo | Mogolowe |
Golowe | Mogoloo | Mogolowe |
Mafoko “mogolole” le “golowe” ke a a itirisetswang ke motho ka lorato kgotsa tlhompho, ka jalo ga a yo mo mothong wa bobedi le wa boraro.
c) Nnake [Younger Same-sex Sibling]
Ngwana wa motsadi wa gago, wa bong jo bo tshwanang le ja gago, mme a le monnye mo go wena.
Monna/mosimamane o bitsa motsalwaleene wa monna/mosimane yo monnye mo go ene a re nnake. Fela jalo, mosadi/mosetsana o bitsa motsalwaleene wa mosadi/mosetsana yo monnye mo go ene a re nnake.
Nnake [Same-sex younger sibling] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Nnake | Monnao | Monnawe |
Mmotlana | Monnao | Monnawe |
Lefoko “mmotlana” ke le le itirisetswang ke motho ka lorato kgotsa tlhompho, ka jalo ga a yo mo mothong wa bobedi le wa boraro.
d) Kgaitsadi [Opposite-sex Sibling]
Ngwana wa motsadi wa gago, wa bong jo bo sa tshwaneng le ja gago, go sa kgathalesegeng gore a o mogolo kgotsa o mmotlana mo go wena.
Monna/mosimamane o bitsa motsalwaleene wa mosadi/mosetsana a re kgaitsadi, go sa kgathalesego gore o monnye kgotsa o motona. Fela jalo, mosadi/mosetsana o bitsa motsalwaleene wa monna/mosimane a re kgaitsadi, go sa kgathalesego gore o monnye kgotsa o motona.
Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le mokgwa o o setseng o atile thata wa go dirisa “nkgonne” le “nnake” mo boemong ja “kgaitsadi”.
Kgaitsadi/Kgantsadi [Opposite-sex sibling] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Kgaitsadi | Kgaitsadio | Kgaitsadie |
Kgantsadi | Kgantsadio | Kgantsadie |
e) Morwarre [Brother]
Ngwana wa motsadi wa gago, wa mosimane/monna, go sa kgathalesegeng gore a o mogolo kgotsa o mmotlana mo go wena.
Morwarre [Brother] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Morwarre | Morwarraago | Morwarraagwe |
f) Morwdiarre [Sister]
Ngwana wa motsadi wa gago, wa mosetsana/mosadia, go sa kgathalesegeng gore a o mogolo kgotsa o mmotlana mo go wena.
Morwdiarre [Sister] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Morwadiarre | Morwadiarraago | Morwadiarraagwe |
g) Lewelana [Twin]
Mawelana ke bana ba ba neng ba imilwe mmogo, go sa kgathalasegeng gore a ba babedi (twins), bararo (triplets), bane (quadruplets) kgotsa go feta. Lefoko le lengwe le le kayang seemo se ke “mafatlha”, mme le dirisiwa mo diphologolong, ka jalo fa o bitsa motho o re lefatlha go tsewa e le lesotlo.
Lewelana [Twin] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Lewelana | Lewelana la gago | Lewelana la gagwe |
h) Batsalalewena ba ga rramogolo, rrangwane, mmemogolo, le mmamane [Cousin-brothers and Cousin-sisters]
Bana ba batsalwale-rraago ba banna le ba batsalwale-mmaago ba basasdi,ba bitswa fela gotwe ke bomogoloo, bomonnao, le bokgaitsadio.
Mme gore gotwe ke mogoloo kgotsa monnao, ga go lejwe matsalo a lona, mme go lejwa a batsadi ba lona. ka jalo, o kgona o feta motho ka dingwaga, mme ka ntata ya gore rraagwe o feta rraago ka dingwaga, o tshwanelwa ke go mmitsa mogoloo.
i) Ntsala [True Cousins]
Ngwana wa ga malomaago kgotsa rakgadiago. Mo go bontsala, ga gona kgang ya gore ke mang yo motona, ka ba tlhagana fela ka go tshwana.
Ntsala [True Cousin] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Ntsala | Ntsalao | Ntsalae |
5. Batsalwa-le-batsadi [Uncles and Aunts]
Maina a losika fa le one a amanngwa le gore mo batsading bao, go go tona ofe, le gore a ke ba bong jo bo tshwanana.
a) Rramogolo (e seng Rremogolo). [Father’s elder brother].
Motsalwa-le-rraago wa monna yo motona mo go ene.
Rramogolo [Father’s older brother] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Rramogolo | Rramogoloago | Rramogoloagwe |
Rraagomogolo | Rraagwemogolo |
Lefoko rramogolo le ne la tsenngwa tlhogwana e e kayang bong jo bo namagadi go dira leina la mosadi wa gagwe, e bong. Mmamogolo.
Mmamogolo [Father’s older brother’s wife] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mmamogolo | Mmamogoloago | Mmamogoloagwe |
Mmaagomogolo | Mmaagwemogolo |
b) Rrangwane [Father’s younger brother] le mosadi wa gagwe Mmangwane (e seng Mmamane).
Motsalwa-le-rraago wa monna yo motona mo go ene. Lefoko mmangwane le bopilwe fela jaaka mmamogolo.
Rrangwane [Father’s younger brother] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Rrangwane | Rrangwanaago | Rrangwanaagwe |
Mmangwane [Father’s younger brother’s wife] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mmangwane | Mmangwanaago | Mmangwanaagwe |
c) Rakgadi [Father’s sister].
Motsalwa-le-rraago wa mosadi, yo motona le yo monnye.
Monna wa gagwe le ene o bidiwa Rakgadi.
Rakgadi [Father’s sister] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Rakgadi | Rakgadiago | Rakgadiagwe |
d) Malome [Mother’s brother – both older and younger]. His wife is also addressed as “Mrs Malome”, Mmamalome.
Motsalwa-le-mmaago wa monna, yo motona le yo monnye.
Malome [Mother’s brother] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Malome | Malomaago | Malomaagwe |
Mosadi wa gagwe le ene o bidiwa Mmamalome.
Mmamalome [Mother’s brother’s wife] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mmamalome | Mmamalomaago | Mmamalomaagwe |
e) Mmemogolo (e seng Mmamogolo). [Mother’s elder sister].
Motsalwa-le-mmaago wa mosadi yo motona mo go ene.
Le ntswa monna wa gagwe le ene a tshwanetswe go bidiwa mmemogolo, gantsi se se sita banana, ba bo ba felela ba fetotse tiriso ya lefoko Rremogolo (go tswa ko motsading wa motsadi, go raya monna wa ga mmemogolo).
Mmemogolo [Mother’s older sister] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mmemogolo | Mmemogoloago | Mmemogoloagwe |
f) Mmamane (bangwe ba kgaola ba re Mmane). [Mother’s younger sister].
Motsalwa-le-mmaago wa mosadi yo monnye mo go ene.
Fela jaaka monna wa ga mmemogolo, monna wa ga mmamane o tshwanetswe go bidiwa mmamane le ene. Mme ka banana ba sitega, ba bo ba itlhophela go mmitsa ba re Rrangwane – mo e leng phoso e tona ka e se monnawe rraabone. Go mmitsa rrangwane le gone go bo go kuketsa molelo, ka jaanong ba bo ba bowa mmamane ba re mmangwane (mogatsa rrangwane). Jaanong go kopana le gore mafoko mmangwane le mmamane a a tshwana, batho ba le bantsi ba sentse ba ganetsa bolengteng jwa “mmamane”. Mme mo merafeng e e bitsang e re mmane, go nna motlhofo.
Mmamane [Mother’s younger sister] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mmamane | Mmamaneago | Mmamaneagwe |
Mmane | Mmaneago | Mmaneagwe |
Motho o ka itemogela gore maina a a kayang letlhakore la gaabo rraago, a simolola ka tlhaka R, e e amamnngwang thata le botonanyana: rramogolo, rrangwane, le rakgadi;
fa maina a a kayang letlhakore la gaabo mmaago, a simolola ka tlhaka M, e e amamnngwang thata le bonamagadi: mmemogolo, mmamane, le malome.
6. Bagwegadi [In-laws]
a) Mogatsa [Spouse]
Motho yo o mo lenyalong le ene.
Lefoko mogatsa le siametse gore le akaretsa bong jotlhe. Sebe sa phiri ke gore batho bangwe ba dumela gore le na le tlhapa mo teng, ka jalo goa ila gore motho yo mmotlana a le reye yo mogolo. Mme fela selo se se lebega se seyo mo merafeng ya ko bokone, kwa ebile ba dirisang “mogatsa-malome” mo boemong ja “mmamalome”.
Mogatsa [Spouse] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mogatsake | Mogatse | Mogatso |
b) Monna [Husband]
Monna yo o mo lenyalong le ene.
Monna [Husband] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Monna | Monna wa gago | Monna wa gagwe |
c) Mosadi [Wife]
Mosadi yo o mo lenyalong le ene.
Mosadi [Wife] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mosadi | Mosadi wa gago | Mosadi wa gagwe |
d) Mogwegadi [Parent-in-law]
Motsadi wa mogatso.
Gantsi le dirisiwa le le mo bontsing (bagwegadi), go akaretsa bagolo ba bangwe ba losika la monna kgotsa mosadi yo o mo nyetseng.
Mogwegadi [Parent-in-law] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mogwegadi | Mogwegadi wa gago | Mogwegadi wa gagwe |
e) Ratsale [Father-in-law]
Rraagwe mogatso.
Lefoko le le tshabelelwa ke go sa dirisiweng ka bangwe ba bona go supa tlhompho thata go bitsa motsadi wa rre o re matsale, fela jaaka wa mosadi.
Ratsale [Father-in-law] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Ratsale | Ratsalaago | Ratsalaagwe |
f) Matsale [Mother-in-law]
Mmaagwe mogatso.
Matsale [Mother-in-law] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Matsale | Matsalaago | Matsalaagwe |
g) Mogwe/Mokgwenyana [Son-in-law]
Monna yo nyetseng morwadio.
Fela jaaka mogatsa, go na le batho ba ba sa rotloetseng tiriso ya lefoko “mogwe”, bogolo jang mo bagolong. Ka jalo, batho ba siela kwa go la “mokgwenyana”, le fa ntswa ba bangwe ba le nyatsa ba re ke Setswana sa Aforika Borwa, ba bangwe ebile ba re ke Sesotho.
Mogwe/Mokgwenyana [Son-in-law] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mogwe | Mogwe wa gago | Mogwe wa gagwe |
Mokgwenyana | Mokgwenyana wa gago | Mokgwenyana wa gagwe |
h) Ngwetsi/Makoti [Daughter-in-law]
Mosadi yo nyetsweng ke morwa wa gago.
Le fa lefoko ngwetsi le sena selabe sepe, batho bangwe mme bone ba rata go dirisa la “makoti”. Mme makoti le lone le tshabelelwa ke go kgalwa fela jaaka “mokgwenyana” gotwe ga se Setswana sentle.
Ngwetsi/Makoti [Daughter-in-law] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Ngwetsi | Ngwetsi ya gago | Ngwetsi ya gagwe |
Makoti | Makoti wa gago | Makoti wa gagwe |
i) Sebare [Brother-in-law]
Monna yo nyetseng kgaitsadio.
Lefoko le le dirisiwa ke banna fela ba raya ba bangwe. Mosadi ene o bitsa monna yo nyetseng mogolowe kgotsa monnawa a re ke mogolowe kgotsa monnawe, jaaka go lebanye. Fa gongwe o ka mmitsa a re mogwe/mokgwenyana.
Le fa go ntse jalo, ke na le go nna sebete se molangwana ka lefoko le, ka go bo le lebega le tshwana thata le lefoko la se-Afrikaans la “swaer”.
Sebare [Brother-in-law] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Sebare | Sebare sa gago | Sebare sa gagwe |
j) Mogadibo [Sister-in-law]
Mosadi yo nyetsweng ke kgaitsadio.
Lefoko le le dirisiwa ke basadi fela ba raya ba bangwe. Monnai ene o bitsa mosadi yo nyetsweng ke mogolowe kgotsa monnawa a re ke mogolowe kgotsa monnawe, jaaka go lebanye. Fa gongwe o ka mmitsa a re ngwetsi/makoti.
Mogadibo [Sister-in-law] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mogadibo | Mogadibo wa gago | Mogadibo wa gagwe |
k) Mogadikane [Sister-wife (in polygamy)]
Mosadi yo mongwe yo o nyetsweng ke monna yo go nyetseng.
Lefoko le lengwe le le gomagomediwang ke go nyelela ke le, go sale go emisiwa go nyala lefufa. Mme ka mo malatsing ano nyalo ya lefufa e simolotse go tsewa tsia thata, le lebega le tla boela mo tirisong.
Mogadikane [Sister-wife (in polygamy)] | ||
1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person |
Mogadikane | Mogadikane wa gago | Mogadikane wa gagwe |
Fa o batla go bala tsebe e ka Sekgowa, tobetsa English.